Pharmacognostic evaluation and physico-chemical analysis of Ulmus wallichiana Planch.

The plant Ulmus wallichiana Planch. (Family: Ulmaceae) is found in Himalayan regions from Afghanistan to West Nepal. In India, it is found in Kumaun and Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand (India), locally known as Chamarmou. Bark of U. wallichiana is commonly used as Kumauni and Garhwali traditional healers for bone fracture of animals as well as human being. The current work was designed to establish the pharmacognostic parameters like macroscopic & microscopic characters, and physico-chemical analysis for U. wallichiana. WHO recommended methods and other standard procedures were employed for the establishment of pharmacognostic and physico-chemical parameters. Transverse section (TS) of the bark under the microscope showed periderm region showing cortex, mucilage canal, cork, phellogen and phelloderm. TS of the bark also showed secondary phloem region, medullary rays, stone cells and fibres. Longitudinal section showed medullary region, epidermal region and mucilage canal. Powder microscopy under the microscope showed calcium oxalate crystals, cork cells, phloem fibre, starch grains, stone cells and lignified phloem fibres. Physico-chemical analysis helps to identify pure plant material and detect adulteration. In the present study, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash and loss on drying were estimated to be 17%, 15%, 3.5%, 5%, 0.15% respectively. The findings of the present study could be useful in authentication of plant material and also in monograph preparation of U. wallichiana.&nbsp

Interworking Between SIP/SDP and H.323

There are currently two standards for signaling and control of Internet telephone calls, namely ITU-T Recommendation H.323 and the IETF Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). We describe how an interworking function (IWF) can allow SIP user agents to call H.323 terminals and vice versa. Our solution addresses user registration, call sequence mapping and session description. We also describe and compare various approaches for multi-party conferencing and call transfer

Using an External DHT as a SIP Location Service

Peer-to-peer Internet telephony using the Session Initiation Protocol (P2P-SIP) can exhibit two different architectures: an existing P2P network can be used as a replacement for lookup and updates, or a P2P algorithm can be implemented using SIP messages. In this paper, we explore the first architecture using the OpenDHT service as an externally managed P2P network. We provide design details such as encryption and signing using pseudo-code and examples to provide P2P-SIP for various deployment components such as P2P client, proxy and adaptor, based on our implementation. The design can be used with other distributed hash tables (DHTs) also

Unified Messaging using SIP and RTSP

Traditional answering machines and voice mail services are closed systems, tightly coupled to a single end system,the local PBX or local exchange carrier. Even simple services, such as forwarding voice mail to another user outside the local system, are hard to provide. With the advent of Internet telephony, we need to provide voice and video mail services. This also offers the opportunity to address some of the shortcomings of existing voice mail systems. We list general requirements for a multimedia mail system for Internet telephony. We then propose an architecture using SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol) and compare various alternative approaches to solving call forwarding, reclaiming and retrieval of messages. We also briefly describe our prototype implementation

Application of data mining techniques in bioinformatics

With the widespread use of databases and the explosive growth in their sizes, there is a need to effectively utilize these massive volumes of data. This is where data mining comes in handy, as it scours the databases for extracting hidden patterns, finding hidden information, decision making and hypothesis testing. Bioinformatics, an upcoming field in today’s world, which involves use of large databases can be effectively searched through data mining techniques to derive useful rules. Based on the type of knowledge that is mined, data mining techniques [1] can be mainly classified into association rules, decision trees and clustering. Until recently, biology lacked the tools to analyze massive repositories of information such as the human genome database [3]. The data mining techniques are effectively used to extract meaningful relationships from these data.Data mining is especially used in microarray analysis which is used to study the activity of different cells under different conditions. Two algorithms under each mining techniques were implemented for a large database and compared with each other. 1. Association Rule Mining: - (a) a priori (b) partition 2. Clustering: - (a) k-means (b) k-medoids 3. Classification Rule Mining:- Decision tree generation using (a) gini index (b) entropy value. Genetic algorithms were applied to association and classification techniques. Further, kmeans and Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications of Noise (DBSCAN) clustering techniques [1] were applied to a microarray dataset and compared. The microarray dataset was downloaded from internet using the Gene Array Analyzer Software(GAAS).The clustering was done on the basis of the signal color intensity of the genes in the microarray experiment. The following results were obtained:- 1. Association:- For smaller databases, the a priori algorithm works better than partition algorithm and for larger databases partition works better. 2. Clustering:- With respect to the number of interchanges, k-medoids algorithm works better than k-means algorithm. 3. Classification:- The results were similar for both the indices (gini index and entropy value). The application of genetic algorithm improved the efficiency of the association and classification techniques. For the microarray dataset, it was found that DBSCAN is less efficient than k-means when the database is small but for larger database DBSCAN is more accurate and efficient in terms of no. of clusters and time of execution. DBSCAN execution time increases linearly with the increase in database and was much lesser than that of k-means for larger database. Owing to the involvement of large datasets and the need to derive results from them, data mining techniques can be effectively put in use in the field of Bio-informatics [2]. The techniques can be applied to find associations among the genes, cluster similar gene and protein sequences and draw decision trees to classify the genes. Further, the data mining techniques can be made more efficient by applying genetic algorithms which greatly improves the search procedure and reduces the execution time

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult

Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O•−2) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment with MS (100 or 200 mg kg−1, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O•−2 and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O•−2 generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O•−2 production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity

An Efficient ICI Cancellation Scheme to Mitigate the Effect of ICI on OFDM Systems

Inter-carrier interference (ICI) emerges in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems used for mobile communication as a consequence of the Doppler Effect\u27s loss of orthogonality among subcarriers. Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI), which affects every subcarrier, drastically lowers performance. The performance of OFDM systems may be enhanced using a variety of ICI mitigation strategies. Comparable subcarrier frequency offsets are guaranteed by the premise that the OFDM transmission bandwidth is suitably modest in the majority of ICI mitigation strategies, on the other hand. The frequency offsets between each subcarrier might change, hence a wideband OFDM system in a situation with high mobility is investigated. Furthermore, the suggested ICI cancellation approach, Total ICI Cancellation, does not reduce bandwidth efficiency or transmission rate. As an example, the Total ICI Cancellation approach uses the ICI matrix\u27s orthogonality to provide perfect ICI cancellation and a significant boost in BER at a linearly increasing cost. The suggested technique, which matches the BER performance of a wideband OFDM system without ICI, offers the best BER performance possible in the presence of frequency offset and time shifts in the channel, according to simulation findings in the AWGN and multipath fading channels

Programmable Conference Server

Conferencing services for Internet telephony and multimedia can be enhanced by the integration of other Internet services, such as instant messaging, presence notification, directory lookups, location sensing, email and web. These services require a service programming architecture that can easily incorporate new Internet services into the existing conferencing functionalities, such as voice-enabled conference control. W3C has defined the Call Control eXtensible Markup Language (CCXML), along with its VoiceXML, for telephony call control services in a point-to-point call. However, it cannot handle other Internet service events such as presence enabled conferences. In this paper, we propose an architecture combining VoiceXML with our Language for End System Services (LESS) and the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) for multi-party conference service programming that integrates existing Internet services. VoiceXML provides the voice interface to LESS and CGI scripts. Our architecture enables many novel services such as conference setup based on participant location and presence status. We give some examples of the new services and describe our on-going implementation

R.W. EMERSON HAS MADE THE BHAGAVAD GITA AND VEDIC THOUGHT AN INTEGRAL PART AND FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY AND HOW BRAZIL STANDS AS AN ASSET TO THE WORLD.

R.W. Emerson was heavily influenced by The Bhagavad Gita. The highest in Western civilization is moving on the path delineated by the Great philosopher, RW Emerson.  Thus it is important for all to understand his thoughts for success not only in the Western Civilization but also throughout the world.  In fact R.W. Emerson has made the Bhagavad Gita and Vedic thought an integral part and foundation of Western philosophy. A prominent problem of Brazil today is the high, unequal distribution of wealth and income, one of the most extreme in the world and also a high level of poverty, these are due to history of colonialism and these are rightly public issues which are being addressed. Amerindians and Africans as slaves faced inhuman, harsh, cruel work conditions at many times. Slavery was abolished in Brazil due to internal developments and also due to developments in the Western world. The Whites in Brazil made great contribution to art, business, science, academics, sport, entrepreneurship and all other fields creating jobs for all. Upliftment of Blacks and Amerindians is done by Brazilian Government. Brazil is an asset to the world and to developing countries in particular.